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Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07)
The Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) was a major part of the Russian Revolution of 1905 in Russian-partitioned Poland (see Congress Poland and Privislinsky Krai). One of the major events of that period was the insurrection in Łódź in June 1905. Throughout that period, many smaller manifestations, demonstrations and armed struggles between the peasants and workers on one side, and the government on the other, took place. The demands of the demonstrators included both the improvement of the workers living conditions, as well as political freedoms, particularly related to increased autonomy for Poland. Particularly in 1905, Poland was at the verge of a new uprising, revolution, or a civil war.〔〔 Some Polish historians even consider the events of that period a fourth Polish uprising against the Russian Empire.〔 (REWOLUCJA 1905-07 NA ZIEMIACH POLSKICH ), Encyklopedia Interia, retrieved on 8 April 2008〕
== Background ==
Worsening economic conditions (the recession of 1901-1903)〔 contributed to mounting political tensions in the Russian Empire, including Poland; the economy of the Kingdom of Poland was also being significantly hit by the aftershocks of the Russo-Japanese War; by late 1904 over 100,000 Polish workers had lost their jobs.〔Abraham Ascher, ''The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray'', Stanford University
Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8047-2327-3, (Google Print, p.157-158 )〕 Conscriptions to the Russian army, and ongoing russification policies further aggravated the Polish population.〔 News and attitudes of the 1905 Russian revolution quickly spread from Saint Petersburg (where demonstrators were massacred on January 22) across the Russian Empire and into Russian-controlled Poland. This was capitalized on by factions in Russia and Poland that wanted more or less radical changes.〔Norman Davies, ''Gods Playground: A History of Poland'', Columbia University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-231-12819-3, (Print, p.273-278 )〕
In the meantime, two factions among the Polish political leaders clashed. The wing of the Polish Socialist Party (''Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS'') that was loyal to Józef Piłsudski believed that Poles must show their determination to regain independence through active, violent protests against the Russians.〔Zamoyski, Adam The Polish Way A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and their Culture, London: John Murray Ltd, 1987 ISBN 0-7195-4674-5., p.330〕〔 Bohdan Urbankowski, ''Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg'', (Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist), Tom pierwszy (first tome), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997, ISBN 83-7001-914-5, p. 118〕 This view was not shared by Roman Dmowski's National Democratic Party (''endecja'')〔 nor by the PPS' own "Left" (or "Young") wing.〔 (PIŁSUDSKI JÓZEF ) by Andrzej Chojnowski. Entry in Polish PWN Encyclopedia〕 The National Democrats believed that the Poles should work together with the Russian authorities and increase their representation in the ''Duma'' (Russian parliament),〔 while the PPS Left wanted to work together with Russian revolutionaries to topple the Tsar and saw the creation of a socialist society as more important than Polish independence.〔
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